Voice Change | Discussion | Bangla | Example | উদাহরণ সহ সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা

Voice Change-Discussion-in-Bangla-with-Example |  উদাহরণ সহ সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা 

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Voice Change

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VOICE CHANGE 

বাচ্য পরিবর্তন

 

বাংলায় যাকে বাচ্য বলে, ইংরেজিতে তাই- ‘Voice' তবে বাংলায় বাচ্য তিন  প্রকারের কর্তৃবাচ্য, কর্মবাচ্য  ভাববাচ্য কিন্তু ইংরেজিতে Voice দুই প্রকার-    Active Voice এবং Passive Voice.

Voice বা বাচ্য মানে কথা বলার ধরন

যদি কোন বাক্যের সামগ্রিক অর্থের  পরিবর্তন না ঘটিয়ে কেবল মাত্র বাক্যটি  বলার  ধরন পাল্টে দেওয়া হয়, তাহলে সেইরূপ পরিবর্তনকে বাচ্য পরিবর্তন বা    Voice change বলে যেমন :

 

        I love Bubu. (Active)

        Bubu is loved by me. (Passive)

 

এই দুটি বাক্যে অর্থের কোন পার্থক্য নেই দুটি বাক্যের ক্রিয়াপদ love অর্থাৎ  ভালবাসা কে ভালবাসে ? আমি কাকে ভালবাসা হয় ? বুবুকে সুতরাং দুটির    বক্তব্য  একই দুই বাক্যে দুই প্রকারে  একই কথা বলা হয়েছে

অথাৎ দুটি বাক্যে বাচ্যের  পরিবর্তন হয়েছে, বিষয়বস্তুর পরিবর্তন হয় নি

 

Voice সম্বন্ধে জানতে হলে Subject এবং Predicate সম্বন্ধে আগে বোঝা দরকার।অবশ্য এই Subject এবং Predicate সম্পর্কে আমরা আগেই লোচনা করেছি


এখানে আর একটু চর্চা করে নেওয়া যাক

কোন sentence-  যখন একটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হয় তখন যিনি  কাজটি সম্পাদন  করেন তিনই Subject বা কত Subject is the doer of the action.

Perdicate হচ্ছে বাক্যের মধ্যে সেই শব্দসমষ্টি যা Subject-এর সম্পর্কে কিছু বলে।Predicate is the word or group of words that tells us something about the Subject.

আর Object বা কর্ম হচ্ছে Verb-এর (বা ক্রিয়ার) receiver (বা গ্রাহক) এটি  Verb-কে গ্রহণ করে এটি Noun বা Pronoun হতে পারে যে verb-এর object থাকে তাকে Transitive Verb বা সকর্মক ক্রিয়া বলে আর যার object থাকে  না তাকে বলে Intransitive Verb বা অকর্মক ক্রিয়া যেমন :-

The cat killed the rat.

 

এই বাক্যে,  

cat’’ — Subject (উদ্দেশ্য)

killed the rat — Predicate (বিধেয়)

 

এই বাক্যের Subject cat’ হচ্ছে ক্রিয়ার সম্পাদক - doer of action; তাই  এটির Verb টি active কিন্তু Subject বা কতা যখন receiver of action হবে, অর্থাৎ, ক্রিয়ার গ্রাহক হবে তখন এটির Verb টি Passive হবে অর্থাৎ,

 

The cat killed the rat. (Active Voice)

The rat was killed by the cat. (Passive Voice)

 

The boy kicked the ball. (Active Voice)

The ball was kicked by the boy. (Passive Voice)

 

প্রথম sentence দুটোতে Subject হচ্ছে ‘cat' এবং 'rat'; দুটোতে Subject হচ্ছে  ‘boy' এবং ‘ball  cat' এবং boy' হচ্ছে ‘doers of action'; 'rat' এবং ball' হচ্ছে receivers of action' |

তাহলে বঝা গেল, একটি বাক্যে কত অথাৎ Subject যখন সরাসরি বা প্রত্যক্ষভাবে  নিজেই ক্রিয়া সম্পাদন করেন তখন কর্তৃবাচ্য বা Active Voice হয়

When the subject of the sentence is the doer or actor, the verb is active. যেমন :-

I do it; He said this; He runs.

যখন বাক্যে কর্তা অর্থাৎ Subject সরাসরি কিছু করেন না, কাজটা তাঁর দ্বারা  সম্পন্ন হয়েছে এরূপ বুঝায় তখন কর্মবাচ্য বা Passive Voice হয়

 

When the subject of the sentence is acted upon the verb is passive. যেমন :-

It is done by me. This was said by him.

 

বাচ্য পরিবর্তনের সময় চারটি সাধারণ নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয় যথা:-

 

(1) Active Voice এর কর্ম Object passive voice এর Subject হবে

The object in the Active Voice becomes the subject in the Passive Voice.

(2) Passive Voice (Active Voice থেকে পরিবর্তিত) এর Subject এবং Active Voice এর tense অনুসারে 'to be' verb বসবে। 

Some form of 'to be verb takes place according to the new subject in passive voice and the tense of the verb in Active Voice.

(3) Passive Voice -, Active Voice এর verb এর past participle (V3)         এর  রূপ  হবে

The verb in the active voice is changed into the past participle form   in the Passive Voice.

 

(4) Active Voice এর Subject বা কর্তা Passive Voice  by-এর কর্মরূপে   বসবে অর্থাৎ Object এর আগে by বসবে।

The Subject in the Active Voice becomes the Object in the Passive Voice, generally preceded by the preposition by'.

 

একটি উদাহরণ বিশ্লেষণ করে দেখা যা

I do it. (Active Voice)

 

এই বাক্যের Subject হচ্ছে I, Verb হচ্ছে do এবং object হচ্ছে it.

এখন Voice Change-এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী এই বাক্যের Object it Passive    Voice- Subject হবে তার পর এই Subject it' এবং Active Voice-এর  tense (এক্ষেত্রে present tense) অনুযায়ী to be verb বসবে It এর পর  present tense-এর ‘to be verb হবে is তাহলে হল It is. তারপর Active Voice-এর verb-এর past participle (V3) হবে এক্ষেত্রে verb হচ্ছে do    এবং  তার  past participle(V3)-এর রূপ হচ্ছে done. তাহলে হল It is  done’.  

সর্বশেষ নিয়ম হচ্ছে Active Voice -এর subject Passive Voice - by-এর  কর্ম হয়ে বসবে এখানে Active Voice -এর subject ‘I. ‘I এর কর্মরুপ হল - 'me' অর্থাৎ by me. তাহলে পুরো বাক্যটি দাঁড়াল - It is done by me.   

সুতরাং -

I do it. (Active Voice)

It is done by me. (Passive Voice)

   বিভিন্ন tense- নিচের উদাহরণগুলি লক্ষ্য করা যাক 


Active

Passive

Present Indefinite Tense

I read the book.

The book is read by me.

The man sells rice.

Rice is sold by the man.

Do cats eat mice?

Are mice eaten by cats?

Present Continuous Tense

Mary is cooking the dinner.

The dinner is being cooked by Mary.

The farmer is ploughing the field.

The field is being ploughed by the farmer.

He is showing a picture.

A picture is being shown by  him.

Present Perfect Tense

The cat has caught the mouse.

The mouse has been caught  by the cat.

Somebody has broken the window.

The window has been broker  by somebody.

 He has shown the picture.

The picture has been shown  by him.

Past Indefinite Tense

He killed the tiger.

The tiger was killed by him.

He showed the picture.

The picture was shown by  him.

Past Continuous Tense

Our soldiers were driving back the enemy.

The enemy was being driven back by our soldiers.

He was showing us the picture.

The picture was being shown  us by him.

Past Perfect Tense

They had eaten the cake.

The cake had been eaten by them.

He had shown the picture in the public.

The picture had been shown  by him in the public.

Future Indefinite Tense

The teacher will help us.

We will be helped by the  teacher.

He will show the picture.

The picture will be shown by  him.

Future Continuous Tense

The men will be doing all the  work next week.

All the work will be being done  next week by the men.

He will be showing the picture.

The picture will be being  shown by him.

Future Perfect Tense

He will have shown the picture.

The picture will have been  shown by him.

The administrator will have closed the school by the next month.

The school will have been  closed by the administrator  by the next month.


উপরের sentence গুলিতে subject, object-এর interchange বা পর  পর স্থানান্তর এবং verb-এর পরিবর্তন লক্ষ্য করলে voice change-এর প্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে সুষ্পষ্ট ধারণা হতে পারে 

A. Imperative Sentence এর Voice Change করার নিয়ম একটু আলাদা এই   ধরনের sentence-এর Passive Voice সাধারণতঃ ‘Let' দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয় উদাহরণ দেওয়া যাক

1. Look at the board. (Active)

=> Let the board be looked at. (Passive).

 

2. Do it. (Active)

=> Let it be done, (Passive)

 

উপরের উদাহরণগুলিতে Active Voice-এর sentence- Subject উহ্য ছেPassive Voice- পরিবর্তন করার সময়ও ওগুলি উহ্যই রয়েছে

কিন্তু অনেকক্ষেত্রে  উহ্য থাকা Subject গুলিকে Passive Voice- ‘by’-এর কর্ম হিসাবে উল্লেখ করে দেওয়া হয় যেমন--

1. Do your duty. (Active)

=> Let your duty be done by you. (Passive)

 

2. Pluck the flower. (Active)

=> Let the flower be plucked by you. (Passive)

 

Let ব্যবহার না করেও Imperative mood-এর sentence গুলির voice change করা যায় যেমন-- 

 

1. Tell him to go. (Active)

=> Let him be told to go. (Passive) Or,

=> He should be told to go. (Passive)

 

2. Keep your word. (Active)

=> Your word should be kept. (Passive)

 

3. Please keep off the grass. (Active)

=> You are requested to keep off the grass. (Passive)  

 

4. Put up a tent. (Active)

=> Have a tent put up. (Passive)

 

B. কখনো কখনো Transitive Verb-এর দুইটি করে Object থাকে Passive    Voice করার সময় যে কোন একটি Object কে Subject করা হয় অপ Object টি  Object রূপেই sentence- থেকে যায় যে Object টি থেকে যায় তাকে    Retained Object বলে যেমন

 

1. He gave me a book. (Active)

=> I was given a book by him. (Passive) অথবা

=> A book was given me by him. (Passive)

 

2. He teaches us Bengali. (Active)

=> We are taught Bengali by him. (Passive) অথবা 

=> Bengali is taught us by him. (Passive).

 

উপরের 1 নং উদাহরণের প্রথম দৃষ্টান্তে ‘a book, retained object হয়েছে  এবং দ্বিতীয় দৃষ্টান্তে ‘a book, subject হয়েছে এবং me হয়েছে retained object.

2 নং উদাহরণের প্রথম দৃষ্টান্তে Us (we) হয়েছে : subject এবং retained object হয়েছে Bengali এবং দ্বিতীয় দৃষ্টান্তে  Bengali হয়েছে subject, এবং Us হয়েছে retained object 

C. যে সমস্ত verb-এর Object থাকে না তাদের Intransitive Verb বলে

যেমন, rise, die, lie, fly, sit প্রভৃতি

পাখি ওড়ে - Birds fly. 

কে ওড়ে ? পাখি ওড়ে কি ওড়ে? এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর পাওয়া যায় না সুতরাং এর  কর্ম বা Object নেই এই সব Intransitive Verb -এর voice change হয় না

কখনো কখনো আবার Intransitive Verb-এরও voice change করা যায়

অনেক সময় (active voice-) Intransitive Verb-এর একটি Cognate Object থাকে সেই ক্ষেত্রে voice change করা সম্ভব যেমন

1. The battle was fought at this place.

2. The race you speak of was run yesterday.


Intransitive Verb যদি prepositional বা group verb হয় তাহলেও voice change করা সম্ভব যেমন--

 

1. They laugh at us. (Active)

=> We are laughed at by them. (Passive)

2. He dispensed with my services. (Active)

=> My services were dispensed with by him. (Passive)

 

D. Complex Sentence এর voice পরিবর্তন করতে হলে principale   এবং subordinate দুরকম clause-এরই voice পরিবর্তন করতে হয় কখনো কখনো Introductory It' ব্যবহার করতে হয় যেমন :>

Active:> I know that he did the work.

Passive:> It is known to me that the work was done by me.

or,> That the work was done by him is known to me.

 

Active:> It is said that they know it.

Passive :> Every body says that it is known by them.

 

Active:> We must endure what we cannot cure.

Passive :> What cannot be cured must be endured.

 

E. কোন কোন সময় ‘passive voice’- ‘object’ উহ্য থাকে সেই সব    sentence কে ‘active voice’- রূপান্তরিত করার সময় একটি ‘object’              ধরে নিয়ে   সেটিকেই ‘subject’ করতে হয় যেমন: -

Passive:> My book has been lost.

Active:> I have lost my book.


Passive:> The lion is called the King of beasts.

Active:> People call the lion the king of beasts.


Passive:> It is said Ram will come.

Active:> People say that Ram will come.

উপরের উদাহরণগুলিতে ‘I’, এবং ‘people’ প্রভৃতি ঐরূপ object যেগুলি উহ্য, সেগুলিকে Active Voice- Subject করা হয়েছে

 

F. Adjective-এর পরের verb টি infinitive হলে তার Passive Voice হয় না যেমন : -

1. Metal is hard to digest.

এই ক্ষেত্রে to be digested এরূপ হবে না 

2. English is not easy to learn.

এই ক্ষেত্রে to be learnt হবে না  

 

G. কিছু কিছু verb active voice - ব্যবহৃত হলেও উহাদের অর্থ passive -এর মত এই জাতীয় verb গুলিকে quasi-passive verb বলা হয় এগুলি  ক্ষেত্র বিশেষে ব্যবহৃত হয় যেমন : -

1. A ripe apple tastes nice. (when it is tasted)

2. The rose smells sweet.

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  বিভিন্ন Tense- ‘to be verb-এর রূপ নিচে দেওয়া হল : -

TENSE

 

BE  VERB

Active

Passive

Present Indefinite

V1  s/es

am, is, are

Present Continuous

am, is, are

am being, is being, are being

Present Perfect

has, have

has been, have been

Past Indefinite

V2

was, were

Past Continuous

was, were

was being, were being

Past Perfect

had

had been

Future Indefinite

shall, will

shall be, will be

Future Continuous

shall be, will be

(আজকাল ব্যবহার নেই)

Future Perfect

shall have, will have

shall have been, will

have been

Future Perfect Continuous

(আজকাল ব্যবহার নেই)


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